COOPERATIVE INTERACTIONS IN THE WEST NILE VIRUS MUTANT SWARM

Cooperative interactions in the West Nile virus mutant swarm

Abstract Background RNA viruses including arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) exist as highly genetically diverse mutant swarms within individual hosts.A more complete understanding of the phenotypic correlates of these diverse swarms is needed in order to equate RNA swarm breadth and composition to specific adaptive and evolutionary outcomes.Res

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Effects of Low Water Availability on Root Placement and Shoot Development in Landraces and Modern Barley Cultivars

Early vigor has been proposed as a favorable trait for cereals grown in drought-prone environments.This research aimed at characterizing early stage shoot and root growth of three Spanish barley landraces compared with three modern cultivars.Genotypes were grown in an automated phenotyping platform, GrowScreen-Rhizo, under well-watered and drought

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Pro-inflammatory activated Kupffer cells by lipids induce hepatic NKT cells deficiency through activation-induced cell death.

BACKGROUND: Dietary lipids play an important role in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through alternation of liver innate immune response.AIMS: The present study was to investigate the effect of lipid on Kupffer cells phenotype and function in vivo and in vitro.And further to investigate the impact of lipid on ability of

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